Paul Ekman Facial Action Coding System Pdf
Facial Action Coding System Method for measuring and describing facial behaviors zBy Paul Ekman and W.V. Friesen in the 1970s zDetermining how the contraction of each facial muscle (singly and in combination with other muscles) changes the appearance of the face zIdentifying the specific changes that occurred with.
Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is a system to taxonomize human facial movements by their appearance on the face, based on a system originally developed by a Swedish anatomist named Carl-Herman Hjortsjö.[1] It was later adopted by Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen, and published in 1978.[2] Ekman, Friesen, and Joseph C. Hager published a significant update to FACS in 2002.[3] Movements of individual facial muscles are encoded by FACS from slight different instant changes in facial appearance.[4] It is a common standard to systematically categorize the physical expression of emotions, and it has proven useful to psychologists and to animators. Due to subjectivity and time consumption issues, FACS has been established as a computed automated system that detects faces in videos, extracts the geometrical features of the faces, and then produces temporal profiles of each facial movement.[4]
- Systems for Coding Facial Expression Ekman and Friesen (1976, 1978) were pioneers in the development of measurement systems for facial expression. Their system, known as the Facial Action Coding System or FACS, was developed based on a discrete emotions theoretical perspective and is designed to measure specific facial muscle movements.
- It was later adopted by Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen, and published in.Paul Ekman born February 15, 1934 is an American psychologist who is a. Facial Action Coding System FACS to taxonomize every human facial expression. Facs Paul Ekman PDF - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free.
- Analysis of facial expression initiated by Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen in 1976 and 1978; it will also become a valuable, even obligatory resource for all investigators who wish to use or understand the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), as Ekman.
Uses[edit]
Using FACS [5] human coders can manually code nearly any anatomically possible facial expression, deconstructing it into the specific action units (AU) and their temporal segments that produced the expression. As AUs are independent of any interpretation, they can be used for any higher order decision making process including recognition of basic emotions, or pre-programmed commands for an ambient intelligent environment. The FACS Manual is over 500 pages in length and provides the AUs, as well as Ekman's interpretation of their meaning.
FACS defines AUs, which are a contraction or relaxation of one or more muscles. It also defines a number of Action Descriptors, which differ from AUs in that the authors of FACS have not specified the muscular basis for the action and have not distinguished specific behaviors as precisely as they have for the AUs.
For example, FACS can be used to distinguish two types of smiles as follows:[6]
- Insincere and voluntary Pan-Am smile: contraction of zygomatic major alone
- Sincere and involuntary Duchenne smile: contraction of zygomatic major and inferior part of orbicularis oculi.
Although the labeling of expressions currently requires trained experts, researchers have had some success in using computers to automatically identify FACS codes.[7]Computer graphical face models, such as CANDIDE or Artnatomy, allow expressions to be artificially posed by setting the desired action units.
The use of FACS has been proposed for use in the analysis of depression,[8] and the measurement of pain in patients unable to express themselves verbally.[9]
FACS is designed to be self-instructional. People can learn the technique from a number of sources including manuals and workshops,[10] and obtain certification through testing.[11] The original FACS has been modified to analyze facial movements in several non-human primates, namely chimpanzees,[12] rhesus macaques,[13] gibbons and siamangs,[14] and orangutans.[15] More recently, it was developed also for domestic species, including the dog,[16] the horse[17] and the cat.[18] Similarly to the human FACS, the animal FACS have manuals available online for each species with the respective certification tests.[19]
Thus, FACS can be used to compare facial repertoires across species due to its anatomical basis. A study conducted by Vick and others (2006) suggests that FACS can be modified by taking differences in underlying morphology into account. Such considerations enable a comparison of the homologous facial movements present in humans and chimpanzees, to show that the facial expressions of both species result from extremely notable appearance changes. The development of FACS tools for different species allows the objective and anatomical study of facial expressions in communicative and emotional contexts. Furthermore, a cross-species analysis of facial expressions can help to answer interesting questions, such as which emotions are uniquely human.[20]
EMFACS (Emotional Facial Action Coding System)[21] and FACSAID (Facial Action Coding System Affect Interpretation Dictionary)[22] consider only emotion-related facial actions. Examples of these are:
| Emotion | Action units |
|---|---|
| Happiness | 6+12 |
| Sadness | 1+4+15 |
| Surprise | 1+2+5B+26 |
| Fear | 1+2+4+5+7+20+26 |
| Anger | 4+5+7+23 |
| Disgust | 9+15+17 |
| Contempt | R12A+R14A |
Codes for action units[edit]
For clarification, FACS is an index of facial expressions, but does not actually provide any bio-mechanical information about the degree of muscle activation. Though muscle activation is not part of FACS, the main muscles involved in the facial expression have been added here for the benefit of the reader.
Action units (AUs) are the fundamental actions of individual muscles or groups of muscles.
Action descriptors (ADs) are unitary movements that may involve the actions of several muscle groups (e.g., a forward‐thrusting movement of the jaw). The muscular basis for these actions hasn't been specified and specific behaviors haven't been distinguished as precisely as for the AUs.
For most accurate annotation, FACS suggests agreement from at least two independent certified FACS encoders.
Intensity scoring[edit]
Intensities of FACS are annotated by appending letters A–E (for minimal-maximal intensity) to the action unit number (e.g. AU 1A is the weakest trace of AU 1 and AU 1E is the maximum intensity possible for the individual person).
- A Trace
- B Slight
- C Marked or pronounced
- D Severe or extreme
- E Maximum
Other letter modifiers[edit]
There are other modifiers present in FACS codes for emotional expressions, such as 'R' which represents an action that occurs on the right side of the face and 'L' for actions which occur on the left. An action which is unilateral (occurs on only one side of the face) but has no specific side is indicated with a 'U' and an action which is unilateral but has a stronger side is indicated with an 'A.'
List of action units and action descriptors (with underlying facial muscles)[edit]
Paul Ekman Facial Coding System
Main codes[edit]
| AU number | FACS name | Muscular basis |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Neutral face | |
| 1 | Inner brow raiser | frontalis (pars medialis) |
| 2 | Outer brow raiser | frontalis (pars lateralis) |
| 4 | Brow lowerer | depressor glabellae, depressor supercilii, corrugator supercilii |
| 5 | Upper lid raiser | levator palpebrae superioris, superior tarsal muscle |
| 6 | Cheek raiser | orbicularis oculi (pars orbitalis) |
| 7 | Lid tightener | orbicularis oculi (pars palpebralis) |
| 8 | Lips toward each other | orbicularis oris |
| 9 | Nose wrinkler | levator labii superioris alaeque nasi |
| 10 | Upper lip raiser | levator labii superioris, caput infraorbitalis |
| 11 | Nasolabial deepener | zygomaticus minor |
| 12 | Lip corner puller | zygomaticus major |
| 13 | Sharp lip puller | levator anguli oris (also known as caninus) |
| 14 | Dimpler | buccinator |
| 15 | Lip corner depressor | depressor anguli oris (also known as triangularis) |
| 16 | Lower lip depressor | depressor labii inferioris |
| 17 | Chin raiser | mentalis |
| 18 | Lip pucker | incisivii labii superioris and incisivii labii inferioris |
| 19 | Tongue show | |
| 20 | Lip stretcher | risorius w/ platysma |
| 21 | Neck tightener | platysma |
| 22 | Lip funneler | orbicularis oris |
| 23 | Lip tightener | orbicularis oris |
| 24 | Lip pressor | orbicularis oris |
| 25 | Lips part | depressor labii inferioris, or relaxation of mentalis or orbicularis oris |
| 26 | Jaw drop | masseter; relaxed temporalis and internal pterygoid |
| 27 | Mouth stretch | pterygoids, digastric |
| 28 | Lip suck | orbicularis oris |
Head movement codes[edit]
| AU number | FACS name | Action |
|---|---|---|
| 51 | Head turn left | |
| 52 | Head turn right | |
| 53 | Head up | |
| 54 | Head down | |
| 55 | Head tilt left | |
| M55 | Head tilt left | The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by a head tilt to the left. |
| 56 | Head tilt right | |
| M56 | Head tilt right | The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by a head tilt to the right. |
| 57 | Head forward | |
| M57 | Head thrust forward | The onset of 17+24 is immediately preceded, accompanied, or followed by a head thrust forward. |
| 58 | Head back | |
| M59 | Head shake up and down | The onset of 17+24 is immediately preceded, accompanied, or followed by an up-down head shake (nod). |
| M60 | Head shake side to side | The onset of 17+24 is immediately preceded, accompanied, or followed by a side to side head shake. |
| M83 | Head upward and to the side | The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by a movement of the head, upward and turned and/or tilted to either the left or right. |
Eye movement codes[edit]
| AU number | FACS name | Action |
|---|---|---|
| 61 | Eyes turn left | |
| M61 | Eyes left | The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by eye movement to the left. |
| 62 | Eyes turn right | |
| M62 | Eyes right | The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by eye movement to the right. |
| 63 | Eyes up | |
| 64 | Eyes down | |
| 65 | Walleye | |
| 66 | Cross-eye | |
| M68 | Upward rolling of eyes | The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by an upward rolling of the eyes. |
| 69 | Eyes positioned to look at other person | The 4, 5, or 7, alone or in combination, occurs while the eye position is fixed on the other person in the conversation. |
| M69 | Head and/or eyes look at other person | The onset of the symmetrical 14 or AUs 4, 5, and 7, alone or in combination, is immediately preceded or accompanied by a movement of the eyes or of the head and eyes to look at the other person in the conversation. |
Visibility codes[edit]
| AU number | FACS name |
|---|---|
| 70 | Brows and forehead not visible |
| 71 | Eyes not visible |
| 72 | Lower face not visible |
| 73 | Entire face not visible |
| 74 | Unscorable |
Gross behavior codes[edit]
Facial Action Coding System Pdf
These codes are reserved for recording information about gross behaviors that may be relevant to the facial actions that are scored.
| AU number | FACS name | Muscular basis |
|---|---|---|
| 29 | Jaw thrust | |
| 30 | Jaw sideways | |
| 31 | Jaw clencher | masseter |
| 32 | [Lip] bite | |
| 33 | [Cheek] blow | |
| 34 | [Cheek] puff | |
| 35 | [Cheek] suck | |
| 36 | [Tongue] bulge | |
| 37 | Lip wipe | |
| 38 | Nostril dilator | nasalis (pars alaris) |
| 39 | Nostril compressor | nasalis (pars transversa) and depressor septi nasi |
| 40 | Sniff | |
| 41 | Lid droop | Levator palpebrae superioris (relaxation) |
| 42 | Slit | Orbicularis oculi muscle |
| 43 | Eyes closed | Relaxation of Levator palpebrae superioris |
| 44 | Squint | Corrugator supercilii and orbicularis oculi muscle |
| 45 | Blink | Relaxation of Levator palpebrae superioris; contraction of orbicularis oculi (pars palpebralis) |
| 46 | Wink | orbicularis oculi |
| 50 | Speech | |
| 80 | Swallow | |
| 81 | Chewing | |
| 82 | Shoulder shrug | |
| 84 | Head shake back and forth | |
| 85 | Head nod up and down | |
| 91 | Flash | |
| 92 | Partial flash | |
| 97* | Shiver/tremble | |
| 98* | Fast up-down look |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Hjortsjö CH (1969). Man's face and mimic language. free download: Carl-Herman Hjortsjö, Man's face and mimic language'
- ^Ekman P, Friesen W (1978). Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
- ^Ekman P, Friesen WV, Hager JC (2002). Facial Action Coding System: The Manual on CD ROM. Salt Lake City: A Human Face.
- ^ abHamm J, Kohler CG, Gur RC, Verma R (September 2011). 'Automated Facial Action Coding System for dynamic analysis of facial expressions in neuropsychiatric disorders'. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 200 (2): 237–56. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.06.023. PMC3402717. PMID21741407.
- ^Ramachandran VS (2012). 'Microexpression and macroexpression'. In Ramachandran VS (ed.). Encyclopedia of Human Behavior. 2. Oxford: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 173–183. ISBN978-0-12-375000-6.
- ^Del Giudice M, Colle L (May 2007). 'Differences between children and adults in the recognition of enjoyment smiles'. Developmental Psychology. 43 (3): 796–803. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.796. PMID17484588.
- ^Facial Action Coding System. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
- ^Reed LI, Sayette MA, Cohn JF (November 2007). 'Impact of depression on response to comedy: a dynamic facial coding analysis'. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 116 (4): 804–9. CiteSeerX10.1.1.307.6950. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.4.804. PMID18020726.
- ^Lints-Martindale AC, Hadjistavropoulos T, Barber B, Gibson SJ (2007). 'A psychophysical investigation of the facial action coding system as an index of pain variability among older adults with and without Alzheimer's disease'. Pain Medicine. 8 (8): 678–89. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00358.x. PMID18028046.
- ^Rosenberg EL. 'Example and web site of one teaching professional'. Archived from the original on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
- ^'Facial Action Coding System'. Paul Ekman Group. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
- ^Parr LA, Waller BM, Vick SJ, Bard KA (February 2007). 'Classifying chimpanzee facial expressions using muscle action'. Emotion. 7 (1): 172–81. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.172. PMC2826116. PMID17352572.
- ^Parr LA, Waller BM, Burrows AM, Gothard KM, Vick SJ (December 2010). 'Brief communication: MaqFACS: A muscle-based facial movement coding system for the rhesus macaque'. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 143 (4): 625–30. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21401. PMC2988871. PMID20872742.
- ^Waller BM, Lembeck M, Kuchenbuch P, Burrows AM, Liebal K (2012). 'GibbonFACS: A Muscle-Based Facial Movement Coding System for Hylobatids'. International Journal of Primatology. 33 (4): 809–821. doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9611-6.
- ^Caeiro CC, Waller BM, Zimmermann E, Burrows AM, Davila-Ross M (2012). 'OrangFACS: A Muscle-Based Facial Movement Coding System for Orangutans (Pongo spp.)'. International Journal of Primatology. 34: 115–129. doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9652-x.
- ^Waller BM, Peirce K, Caeiro CC, Scheider L, Burrows AM, McCune S, Kaminski J (2013). 'Paedomorphic facial expressions give dogs a selective advantage'. PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e82686. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...882686W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082686. PMC3873274. PMID24386109.
- ^Wathan J, Burrows AM, Waller BM, McComb K (2015-08-05). 'EquiFACS: The Equine Facial Action Coding System'. PLOS ONE. 10 (8): e0131738. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1031738W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131738. PMC4526551. PMID26244573.
- ^Caeiro CC, Burrows AM, Waller BM (2017-04-01). 'Development and application of CatFACS: Are human cat adopters influenced by cat facial expressions?'(PDF). Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 189: 66–78. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2017.01.005. ISSN0168-1591.
- ^'Home'. animalfacs.com. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
- ^Vick SJ, Waller BM, Parr LA, Smith Pasqualini MC, Bard KA (March 2007). 'A Cross-species Comparison of Facial Morphology and Movement in Humans and Chimpanzees Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)'. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 31 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1007/s10919-006-0017-z. PMC3008553. PMID21188285.
- ^Friesen W, Ekman P (1983), EMFACS-7: Emotional Facial Action Coding System. Unpublished manuscript, 2, University of California at San Francisco, p. 1
- ^'Facial Action Coding System Affect Interpretation Dictionary (FACSAID)'. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
External links[edit]
Paul Ekman Facial Action Coding System Pdf
- download of Carl-Herman Hjortsjö, Man's face and mimic language' (the original Swedish title of the book is: 'Människans ansikte och mimiska språket'. The correct translation would be: 'Man's face and facial language')
Facial Action Coding System Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is a system to taxonomize human facial movements by their appearance on the face, based on a system originally developed by a Swedish anatomist named Carl-Herman Hjortsjö.[1] It was later adopted by Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen, and published in 1978.[2] Ekman, Friesen, and Joseph C. Hager published a significant update to FACS in 2002.[3] Movements of individual facial muscles are encoded by FACS from slight different instant changes Muscles of head and neck. [] in facial appearance. It is a common standard to systematically categorize the physical expression of emotions, and it has proven useful to psychologists and to animators. Due to subjectivity and time consumption issues, FACS has been established as a computed automated system that detects faces in videos, extracts the geometrical features of the faces, and then produces temporal profiles of each facial movement.[]
Uses Using FACS,[4] human coders can manually code nearly any anatomically possible facial expression, deconstructing it into the specific Action Units (AU) and their temporal segments that produced the expression. As AUs are independent of any interpretation, they can be used for any higher order decision making process including recognition of basic emotions, or pre-programmed commands for an ambient intelligent environment. The FACS Manual is over 500 pages in length and provides the AUs, as well as Ekman’s interpretation of their meaning. FACS defines AUs, which are a contraction or relaxation of one or more muscles. It also defines a number of Action Descriptors, which differ from AUs in that the authors of FACS have not specified the muscular basis for the action and have not distinguished specific behaviors as precisely as they have for the AUs. For example, FACS can be used to distinguish two types of smiles as follows:[] • Insincere and voluntary Pan-Am smile: contraction of zygomatic major alone • Sincere and involuntary Duchenne smile: contraction of zygomatic major and inferior part of orbicularis oculi. Although the labeling of expressions currently requires trained experts, researchers have had some success in using computers to automatically identify FACS codes, and thus quickly identify emotions.[5] Computer graphical face models, such as CANDIDE [6] or Artnatomy [7], allow expressions to be artificially posed by setting the desired action units. The use of FACS has been proposed for use in the analysis of depression,[] and the measurement of pain in patients unable to express themselves verbally.[] FACS is designed to be self-instructional. People can learn the technique from a number of sources including manuals and workshops,[8] and obtain certification through testing.[9] A variant of FACS has been developed to analyze facial expressions in chimpanzees.[] FACS can also be modified such that it can be used to compare facial repertoires across similar species, such as humans and chimpanzees. A study conducted by Vick and others (2006) suggests that FACS can be modified by taking differences in underlying morphology into account. Such considerations enable a comparison of the FACS
1
Facial Action Coding System
2
present in humans and chimpanzees, to show that the facial expressions of both species result from extremely notable appearance changes. A cross-species analysis of facial expressions can help to answer the question of which emotions are uniquely human.[10] EMFACS (Emotional Facial Action Coding System)[11] and FACSAID (Facial Action Coding System Affect Interpretation Dictionary)[12] consider only emotion-related facial actions. Examples of these are: Emotion
Action Units
Happiness 6+12 Sadness
1+4+15
Surprise
1+2+5B+26
Fear
1+2+4+5+20+26
Anger
4+5+7+23
Disgust
9+15+16
Contempt R12A+R14A
Codes for Action Units For clarification, FACS is an index of facial expressions, but does not actually provide any bio-mechanical information about the degree of muscle activation. Though muscle activation is not part of FACS, the main muscles involved in the facial expression have been added here for the benefit of the reader. Action Units (AUs) are the fundamental actions of individual muscles or groups of muscles. Action Descriptors (ADs) are unitary movements that may involve the actions of several muscle groups (e.g., a forward‐thrusting movement of the jaw). The muscular basis for these actions hasn’t been specified and specific behaviors haven’t been distinguished as precisely as for the AUs. For most accurate annotation, FACS suggests agreement from at least two independent certified FACS encoders.
Intensity Scoring Intensities of FACS are annotated by appending letters A–E (for minimal-maximial intensity) to the Action Unit number (e.g. AU 1A is the weakest trace of AU 1 and AU 1E is the maximum intensity possible for the individual person). • • • • •
A Trace B Slight C Marked or Pronounced D Severe or Extreme E Maximum
List of Action Units and Action Descriptors (with underlying facial muscles) Main Codes
Facial Action Coding System
AU Number
3
FACS Name
Muscular Basis
0
face
1
Inner Brow Raiser
frontalis (pars medialis)
2
Outer Brow Raiser
frontalis (pars lateralis)
4
Brow Lowerer
depressor glabellae, depressor supercilii, corrugator supercilii
5
Upper Lid Raiser
levator palpebrae superioris, superior tarsal muscle
6
Cheek Raiser
orbicularis oculi (pars orbitalis)
7
Lid Tightener
orbicularis oculi (pars palpebralis)
8
Lips Toward Each Other orbicularis oris
9
Nose Wrinkler
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
10
Upper Lip Raiser
levator labii superioris, caput infraorbitalis
11
Nasolabial Deepener
zygomaticus minor
12
Lip Corner Puller
zygomaticus major
13
Sharp Lip Puller
levator anguli oris (also known as caninus)
14
Dimpler
buccinator
15
Lip Corner Depressor
depressor anguli oris (also known as triangularis)
16
Lower Lip Depressor
depressor labii inferioris
17
Chin Raiser
mentalis
18
Lip Pucker
incisivii labii superioris and incisivii labii inferioris
19
Tongue Show
20
Lip Stretcher
risorius w/ platysma
21
Neck Tightener
platysma
22
Lip Funneler
orbicularis oris
23
Lip Tightener
orbicularis oris
24
Lip Pressor
orbicularis oris
25
Lips Part
depressor labii inferioris, or relaxation of mentalis or orbicularis oris
26
Jaw Drop
masseter; relaxed temporalis and internal pterygoid
27
Mouth Stretch
pterygoids, digastric
28
Lip Suck
orbicularis oris
29
Jaw Thrust
30
Jaw Sideways
31
Jaw Clencher
32
[Lip] Bite
33
[Cheek] Blow
34
[Cheek] Puff
35
[Cheek] Suck
36
[Tongue] Bulge
37
Lip Wipe
38
Nostril Dilator
masseter
nasalis (pars alaris)
Facial Action Coding System
4
39
Nostril Compressor
nasalis (pars transversa) and depressor septi nasi
41
Glabella Lowerer
Separate Strand of AU 4: depressor glabellae (aka procerus)
42
Inner Eyebrow Lowerer
Separate Strand of AU 4: depressor supercilii
43
Eyes Closed
Relaxation of levator palpebrae superioris
44
Eyebrow Gatherer
Separate Strand of AU 4: corrugator supercilli
45
Blink
Relaxation of levator palpebrae superioris; contraction of orbicularis oculi (pars palpebralis)
46
Wink
orbicularis oculi
Head Movement Codes AU Number
FACS Name
Action
51
Head Turn Left
52
Head Turn Right
53
Head Up
54
Head Down
55
Head Tilt Left
M55
Head Tilt Left
56
Head Tilt Right
M56
Head Tilt Right
57
Head Forward
M57
Head Thrust Forward
58
Head Back
M59
Head Shake Up and Down
The onset of 17+24 is immediately preceded, accompanied, or followed by an up-down head shake (nod).
M60
Head Shake Side to Side
The onset of 17+24 is immediately preceded, accompanied, or followed by a side to side head shake.
M83
Head Upward and to the Side
The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by a movement of the head, upward and turned and/or tilted to either the left or right.
The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by a head tilt to the left.
The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by a head tilt to the right.
The onset of 17+24 is immediately preceded, accompanied, or followed by a head thrust forward.
Eye Movement Codes AU Number
FACS Name
61
Eyes Turn Left
M61
Eyes Left
62
Eyes Turn Right
M62
Eyes Right
63
Eyes Up
64
Eyes Down
65
Walleye
66
Cross-eye
Action
The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by eye movement to the left.
The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by eye movement to the right.
Facial Action Coding System
5
M68
Upward Rolling of Eyes The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by an upward rolling of the eyes.
69
Eyes Positioned to Look The 4, 5, or 7, alone or in combination, occurs while the eye position is fixed on the other person in the at Other Person conversation.
M69
Head and/or Eyes Look at Other Person
The onset of the symmetrical 14 or AUs 4, 5, and 7, alone or in combination, is immediately preceded or accompanied by a movement of the eyes or of the head and eyes to look at the other person in the conversation.
Visibility Codes AU Number
FACS Name
70
Brows and forehead not visible
71
Eyes not visible
72
Lower face not visible
73
Entire face not visible
74
Unscorable
Gross Behavior Codes These codes are reserved for recording information about gross behaviors that may be relevant to the facial actions that are scored. AU Number
FACS Name
40
Sniff
50
Speech
80
Swallow
81
Chewing
82
Shoulder shrug
84
Head shake back and forth
85
Head nod up and down
91
Flash
92
Partial flash
97*
Shiver/Tremble
98*
Fast up-down look
Facial Action Coding System
References [2] P. Ekman and W. Friesen. Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, 1978. [3] Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen, and Joseph C. Hager. Facial Action Coding System: The Manual on CD ROM. A Human Face, Salt Lake City, 2002. [4] Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2012). Microexpression and macroexpression. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Vol. 2, pp.173-183). Oxford: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 978-008-088-575-9x [5] Facial Action Coding System. (http:/ / www. cs. wpi. edu/ ~matt/ courses/ cs563/ talks/ face_anim/ ekman. html) Retrieved July 21, 2007. [6] http:/ / www. bk. isy. liu. se/ candide/ [7] http:/ / www. artnatomia. net/ uk/ index. html [8] http:/ / www. erikarosenberg. com/ FACS. html Example and web site of one teaching professional: Erika L. Rosenberg, Ph.D [9] http:/ / www. face-and-emotion. com/ dataface/ facs/ fft. jsp [11] Friesen, W.; Ekman, P. (1983). EMFACS-7: Emotional Facial Action Coding System. Unpublished manual, University of California, California. [12] http:/ / www. face-and-emotion. com/ dataface/ facsaid/ description. jsp Facial Action Coding System Affect Interpretation Dictionary (FACSAID)
External links • Paul Ekman’s articles relating to FACS (http://www.paulekman.com/research) • FACS Overview (http://face-and-emotion.com/dataface/facs/description.jsp) (accessed 21/02/2011) • Sample of FACS Manual (http://face-and-emotion.com/dataface/facs/manual/TitlePage.html) (accessed 21/02/2011) • More information on the CHIMPFACS project (http://www.chimpfacs.com/) • New Yorker article discussing FACS (http://www.gladwell.com/2002/2002_08_05_a_face.htm) • Details from 1978 edition of FACS (http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/face/www/facs.htm) • Site at WPI (http://www.cs.wpi.edu/~matt/courses/cs563/talks/face_anim/ekman.html)
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Article Sources and Contributors Facial Action Coding System Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=559578767 Contributors: 9eyedeel, Anajana, Aprch, Arcadian, Arnoutf, Axeman89, Bacchiad, Belovedfreak, Blahedo, Body Language Expert, COMPFUNK2, Connor Behan, Cowbert, Davechatting, David Nicoson, Droffilc, Elise t, ErkDemon, Fhaigia, FrenchIsAwesome, Gareth Jones, Gciriani, Hooperbloob, J04n, Jerika05, Jidanni, Josephhager, Kelly Martin, Laudak, MagneticFlux, MartinPoulter, Mattisse, Michael Hardy, Michael Snow, Mitch61, MrOllie, Njbetz, Norm mit, NotWith, Ntennis, Outriggr, Pegasovagante, Ph.eyes, Philippe Nicolai-Dashwood, Rbchristiansen, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Saga246, SamanHafizi, Samwb123, Shenshan, Sjvick, Twinsday, Vectro, Waldir, Xcentaur, 93 anonymous edits
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